Graphemic table of signs (GToS)

Legenda of column headings

Grapheme

The Unicode character used in the TEI XML source code to encode the grapheme

Alphabeme(s)

The standard alphabetic meaning, if any, of the grapheme. In other words, this is the alphabetic letter (alphabeme) that the grapheme ordinarily means, if the graphemes is of type "alphabetic". These Unicode characters will populate the Alphabetic Layer.

Grapheme visualization

The Unicode character used to visualize the grapheme in the HTML file. These Unicode characters will populate the Graphematic Layer.

Type

Type of grapheme:

• Alphabetic (a grapheme representing one or more alphabemes);
• Space (space between graphic words is considered a grapheme too);
• Punctuation;
• Abbreviation mark (a mark that combines with an alphabetic grapheme – above or after it – to create an abbreviation);
• Brevigraph (an individual grapheme that means more than one grapheme);
• Logograph (an individual grapheme that means a whole word).

Image(s)

Image(s) of the glyph or (if more than one) of the allographs representing the grapheme. Hover on the image to see the image name (useful in case of two or more allographs).

Table

Grapheme	Alphabeme(s)	Grapheme visualization	Type	Notes	Image(s)
a	a	a	Alphabetic
b	b	b	Alphabetic
c	c	c	Alphabetic
d	d	d	Alphabetic
e	e	e	Alphabetic	The grapheme has many allographs depending on the ligature. For example, allograph e2.png is often found in the common ligature `&` for `et`.
æ	ae	ę	Alphabetic	This is an `e caudatum`: an `e` grapheme with a tail on the bottom left or left side. It is often (but not always) used to represent the diphthong `ae`, which is often represented by a simple `e` grapheme elsewhere in the manuscript. It has one allograph (see image ecaudatum1.png) with the tail underneath the body of the grapheme, turning right, and a second allograph (ecaudatum2.png) with the tail on the left of the body (mostly in ligatures).
f	f	f	Alphabetic
g	g	g	Alphabetic
h	h	h	Alphabetic
i	i	i	Alphabetic
k	k	k	Alphabetic	First found in 5r.a.9 when transliterating a Greek word in Latin.
l	l	l	Alphabetic
m	m	m	Alphabetic
n	n	n	Alphabetic
o	o	o	Alphabetic
p	p	p	Alphabetic
q	q	q	Alphabetic
r	r	r	Alphabetic
s	s	s	Alphabetic
t	t	t	Alphabetic	Allograph t2.png is normally found at the end of the word (e.g. in the common ligature `&` for `et`).
u	u	u	Alphabetic
x	x	x	Alphabetic
y	y	y	Alphabetic
z	z	z	Alphabetic	Found only once in 3r.b.26 (the instance shown in the image in this row).
			Space	Space to separate graphic words.
.		.	Punctuation	Full stop, written on the base line.
·		·	Punctuation	Middle dot, written at middle heigth.
|		⸴	Punctuation	It looks like a comma, written from the middle to the base line. I think that the glyph in image punct_triangle.png (found in 1r.a.18) is an allograph.
⸟		⸟	Punctuation	Punctuation sign for interrogative sentences. The ink is faded, but it seems to look like a tilde with one dot below only (not with two dots, as it usually is in the Beneventan script).
:		:	Punctuation	Punctuation sign looking like a modern colon (:).
ł		;	Punctuation	Punctuation sign looking like a modern semicolon (;). It has a bigger vertical size, and a completely different meaning, than the semicolon-like abbreviation mark encoded here with `;`.
ï		,̈	Punctuation	This punctuation sign is composed by a comma with two dots above it, in a horizontal row (so a comma with a diaeresis above).
¦		;̇	Punctuation	This punctuation sign is composed by a comma with two dots above it, in a vertical row. It is used starting from folio 2v, column a, line 35 and seems to be due to the second hand, that writes in black ink. The graphemes encoded with `ł`, `ï` and `¦` might alternatively be considered three allographs of the same grapheme.
8		̑	Abbreviation mark	Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing `m` (or `n`). Another option for visualization could be 🎗
2		̉	Abbreviation mark	Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing `s` or `m`, resembling a `2` (or a `r rotunda`). Other options for visualization could be ≀ or ⸊.
7		̚	Abbreviation mark	Written over another grapheme, mostly for a missing `m`.
¯		̄	Abbreviation mark	Macron/tilde over one or more graphemes (over `n` it means `non`; over `c` it means `cum` or `con`, etc.).
;		;	Abbreviation mark	It looks like a modern semicolon (;), written on the right of a final letter (mostly `q;` for `que` and `b;` for `bus`). It has a smaller vertical size, and a completely different meaning, than the semicolon-like punctuation mark encoded here with `ł`.
ų	u	̆	Abbreviation mark	A small `u` written over a `q`. The `q-with-ų-above` abbreviation means `qu`. It might alternatively be considered a simple `u` grapheme added above the line, however it is normally written directly above the `q`, not in superscript position between the `q` and the next grapheme.
þ	per	ꝑ	Brevigraph	`p` with a horizontal stroke crossing the descending trait.
ŋ	pro	ꝓ	Brevigraph	`p` mostly written with a tail originating from the round trait of the `p` on the bottom left side (allograph brev_pro1.png) but also with a separate asterisk or another mark on the same side (allograph brev_pro2.png).
¢	qui	ꝗ	Brevigraph	`q` with a horizontal stroke crossing the descending trait.
÷	est	∻	Logograph	A dash or tilde with one dot above and a comma below, meaning the whole linguistic word `est`.

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